Thu, May 27 01:59 PM
Toronto, May 27 (IANS) Scientists have discovered a protein switch that will help kill deadly water-based pathogens like E. coli and make for safer drinking water.
Zongchao Jia, a professor of biochemistry at Queen's University, and post-doctoral student Jimin Zheng, discovered exactly how the AceK protein acts as a switch in some bacteria to bypass the energy-producing cycle.
This bypassing allows dangerous bacteria like E. coli and salmonella to go into a survival mode and adapt to low-nutrient environments, such as water.
The unique feature of this discovery is that the switching on and off take place in the same location of the protein. Normally, these two opposing activities would happen in two different 'active sites'.
'From a protein function point of view, this is unique and has never been discovered anywhere else,' says Jia.
The discovery opens the door for scientists to identify a molecule that can keep the bypass switch from turning on so bacteria will die in water.
As a result, drinking water would be cleaner and the incident of water bacterial contamination could be reduced.
'While other organisms cannot survive without nutrients, the bypass controlled by AceK allows the bacteria to live and cause health problems,' says Jia.
Conversely, discovering a molecule to keep the bypass switch turned on could produce a supply of the bacteria which biotechnology companies use to produce compounds such as insulin.
Instead of using glucose in the fermenting process, companies could use less nutritional and cheaper acetate.
The cost difference would be tremendous and the process would produce less carbon dioxide making the process much more environmentally friendly, said a Queen's release.
'So we haven't found a cure to stop diseases like E. coli water contamination, but we've provided a template for people to design a molecule that will disable its ability to survive in water,' says Jia.
'It's like we have discovered how a lock works and now all we need is to design a key,' concluded Jia.
These findings have been published in Nature.
Thursday, May 27, 2010
FDA: Rare Cases of Liver Injury Reported with Use of Xenical, Alli
Thursday, 27 May 2010
The U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration advised consumers and health care professionals about potential rare occurrences of severe liver injury in patients taking the weight-loss medication orlistat, marketed as Xenical and Alli.
The FDA has approved a revised label for the prescription drug Xenical. The agency is working with the manufacturer of Alli on label revisions to reflect this rare occurrence.
Both Xenical and Alli are medications contain the same active ingredient, orlistat. Xenical, available only by prescription, contains 120 milligrams of orlistat. Alli, sold over-the-counter without a prescription, contains 60 mg of orlistat. An estimated 40 million people worldwide have taken either Xenical or Alli.
The FDA's safety information and labeling changes are based on a review of cases of severe liver injury reported in individuals taking orlistat. The agency has identified 13 cases of severe liver injury, 12 of which were reports from outside of the United States. The only U.S. report of severe liver injury involved Alli. At this time, a cause-and-effect relationship of severe liver injury with orlistat use has not been established.
People who take Xenical or Alli should be aware that liver injury with orlistat - while rare - has been reported. Those taking the drug also should be aware of the signs and symptoms of liver injury, which include itching, yellow eyes or skin, dark urine, loss of appetite, or light-colored stools.
The U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration advised consumers and health care professionals about potential rare occurrences of severe liver injury in patients taking the weight-loss medication orlistat, marketed as Xenical and Alli.
The FDA has approved a revised label for the prescription drug Xenical. The agency is working with the manufacturer of Alli on label revisions to reflect this rare occurrence.
Both Xenical and Alli are medications contain the same active ingredient, orlistat. Xenical, available only by prescription, contains 120 milligrams of orlistat. Alli, sold over-the-counter without a prescription, contains 60 mg of orlistat. An estimated 40 million people worldwide have taken either Xenical or Alli.
The FDA's safety information and labeling changes are based on a review of cases of severe liver injury reported in individuals taking orlistat. The agency has identified 13 cases of severe liver injury, 12 of which were reports from outside of the United States. The only U.S. report of severe liver injury involved Alli. At this time, a cause-and-effect relationship of severe liver injury with orlistat use has not been established.
People who take Xenical or Alli should be aware that liver injury with orlistat - while rare - has been reported. Those taking the drug also should be aware of the signs and symptoms of liver injury, which include itching, yellow eyes or skin, dark urine, loss of appetite, or light-colored stools.
Tuesday, May 25, 2010
List of top M.Pharm Colleges in India
| Degree / Course | College / Institute | State | Eligibility | Course Duration |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | Goa College of Pharmacy, Panaji 403001 | Goa | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | AL-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Hosur Road Near Lalbagh, Main Gate, Bangalore 560027 | Karnataka | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | Bombay College of Pharmacy Kalina, Santacruz, Mumbai 400098 | Maharashtra | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | University College of Pharmaceutical Science, Warangal 506009 | Andhra Pradesh | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | Principal K. M. Kundnani, College of Pharmacy, Plot 47, Worli, Seaface, Mumbai 400025 | Maharashtra | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | Kanak Manjari Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chhend, Sector - 20, Rourkela | Orissa | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | Nagpur University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagpur 440010 | Maharashtra | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | NDM VP Samaj College of Pharmacy, Shivajinagar, Gangapur Road, Nasik 422002 | Maharashtra | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, J.V.D. College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam 530003 | Tamil Nadu | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | College of Pharmacy, Pravaranagar A/P Loni 413736, Distt. Ahmednagar | Maharashtra | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | College of Pharmacy, Sri Rama Krishna Institute of Pharamedical Sciences, 395, Sarojini Naidu Road, Coimbatore 641044 | Tamil Nadu | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | Lallubhai Motilal College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009 | Gujarat | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | CU Shah Coll of Pharmacy, Vidya Vihar Santacruz (W), Mumbai | Maharashtra | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal 576119 | Karnataka | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | University Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002 | Tamil Nadu | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | JSS College of Pharmacy Rocklands, Elkhill Rd., Ootacamund 643001 | Tamil Nadu | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | CL Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Jyoti Nagar, Tharapakkam, Madras 600096 | Tamil Nadu | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | Government College of Pharmacy, Lalbagh Road, Bangalore 560027 | Karnataka | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
| Pharmacy-M Pharm | Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Deptt. of Pharmaceutical Science, Sagar 470003 | Madhya Pradesh | B.Pharm. | 2 year |
New Twist on Potential Malaria Drug Target Acts by Trapping Parasites in Cells
Friday, 21 May 2010
Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) researchers and colleagues seeking to block invasion of healthy red blood cells by malaria parasites have instead succeeded in locking the parasites within infected blood cells, potentially containing the disease. The findings reveal an essential step in the biology of the most common and severe malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and offer a new drug target for fighting one of the world's most common and dangerous infections.
Malaria sickens up to one half billion people every year and kills up to one million, mostly children in sub-Saharan Africa. The high fevers, shaking chills, flu-like symptoms, and anemia can be fatal unless treated quickly. Malaria has grown resistant to a long list of drugs, and vaccines are still in experimental stages.
Working with the malaria parasite and human blood in test tubes and lab dishes, the research team identified a single fast-acting protein in the parasite that enables it and several dozen of its offspring to escape from a human red blood cell in preparation for quick invasion of many more healthy blood cells. Eliminating that protein traps the parasites in the cell.
After an infected mosquito bites a person, malaria parasites move into the liver, where they silently mature and multiply within weeks. Malaria parasites make people sick weeks or months later when they enter red blood cells and begin an exponential expansion. In a single cell, a parasite produces up to 32 offspring in about two days, which burst out to infect more red blood cells.
"This is the stage where things have to happen very fast for the parasite," said senior author Manoj Duraisingh, HSPH assistant professor of immunology and infectious diseases and senior author of the paper in the May 14 Science. "The parasite doesn't like to spend much time outside the cell. It grows and matures, and immediately following rupture, enters a new cell. It was a surprise that this protein kinase, which we thought would be involved in red blood cell invasion, turns out to be essential for the parasite getting out of the cell."
The study helps define the exit of the parasite from a blood cell as a highly choreographed process and distinguishes the egress and invasion steps, the researchers said.
"When the parasite gets out of the red blood cell, it has a matter of seconds or minutes to get into new red blood cells, or it will be cleared or killed by the human immune system," said first author Jeffrey Dvorin, a postdoctoral research fellow in the Duraisingh Lab at HSPH and a clinical fellow in pediatric infectious diseases at Children's Hospital Boston. "We found an important trigger for the parasite to exit cells that may be independent from the invasion trigger."
Even better, the protein is found in the parasite and in plants, but not in humans, which means a drug targeted to that protein may be less toxic for people. The protein belongs to a family of Plasmodium falciparum calcium-dependent protein kinases, or PfCDPK5 for short in this case. Other members of the family have been implicated in parasite egress of red blood cells, but this is the first study using a genetic technique to validate a protein critical for parasite egress of red blood cells, according to the researchers.
Many companies and labs are looking for inhibitors of parasite egress and invasion of red blood cells, but no anti-malarial drugs yet target these stages of the parasite lifecycle, Dvorin said.
The paper also demonstrates the usefulness of a new tool that can be used to evaluate additional members of the kinase family, as well as other signaling pathways that regulate key events in the blood stage of malaria infection. As of 2002, "we have a malaria genome of about 6,000 genes," said Duraisingh. "We need a means of prioritizing specific gene candidates for further drug development."
The method, first developed in a mammalian cell culture system by co-author Thomas Wandless of Stanford University, allows scientists to analyze the function of certain proteins and to identify other potential therapeutic targets in the malaria parasite, the researchers said.
As adapted for this study, Dvorin and his colleagues reverse-engineered candidate genes to make faulty proteins that would only survive in the presence of a stabilizing chemical. Without that constant protection, the protein is eliminated from the parasite.
"For 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, we grew the parasites in the presence of the stabilizing chemical," Dvorin said. "After the parasites invaded new red blood cells, we washed away the stabilizing drug. Even though the parasites seemed to develop just fine, they were unable to leave the red blood cell."
Interestingly, the team's work also produced an elusive scientific tool for their colleagues in the vaccine field: Mature invasive parasites. "One of the experiments in the paper mechanically releases the parasites, which have matured into virulent and invasive forms," Duraisingh said. "People have been trying to get viable parasites in this form for study. This is a great resource for vaccine studies."
"A Plant-Like Kinase in Plasmodium falciparum Regulates Parasite Egress From Erythrocytes," Science, May 14, 2010, J.D. Dvorin et. al.
This work was supported by Pediatric Scientist Development Program Fellowship awards, National Institutes of Health, Burroughs Wellcome Fund New Investigator in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases Fellowship, the Medical Research Council UK, a Wellcome Trust Project grant, and an EU FP7 grant MALSIG.
Malaria sickens up to one half billion people every year and kills up to one million, mostly children in sub-Saharan Africa. The high fevers, shaking chills, flu-like symptoms, and anemia can be fatal unless treated quickly. Malaria has grown resistant to a long list of drugs, and vaccines are still in experimental stages.
Working with the malaria parasite and human blood in test tubes and lab dishes, the research team identified a single fast-acting protein in the parasite that enables it and several dozen of its offspring to escape from a human red blood cell in preparation for quick invasion of many more healthy blood cells. Eliminating that protein traps the parasites in the cell.
After an infected mosquito bites a person, malaria parasites move into the liver, where they silently mature and multiply within weeks. Malaria parasites make people sick weeks or months later when they enter red blood cells and begin an exponential expansion. In a single cell, a parasite produces up to 32 offspring in about two days, which burst out to infect more red blood cells.
"This is the stage where things have to happen very fast for the parasite," said senior author Manoj Duraisingh, HSPH assistant professor of immunology and infectious diseases and senior author of the paper in the May 14 Science. "The parasite doesn't like to spend much time outside the cell. It grows and matures, and immediately following rupture, enters a new cell. It was a surprise that this protein kinase, which we thought would be involved in red blood cell invasion, turns out to be essential for the parasite getting out of the cell."
The study helps define the exit of the parasite from a blood cell as a highly choreographed process and distinguishes the egress and invasion steps, the researchers said.
"When the parasite gets out of the red blood cell, it has a matter of seconds or minutes to get into new red blood cells, or it will be cleared or killed by the human immune system," said first author Jeffrey Dvorin, a postdoctoral research fellow in the Duraisingh Lab at HSPH and a clinical fellow in pediatric infectious diseases at Children's Hospital Boston. "We found an important trigger for the parasite to exit cells that may be independent from the invasion trigger."
Even better, the protein is found in the parasite and in plants, but not in humans, which means a drug targeted to that protein may be less toxic for people. The protein belongs to a family of Plasmodium falciparum calcium-dependent protein kinases, or PfCDPK5 for short in this case. Other members of the family have been implicated in parasite egress of red blood cells, but this is the first study using a genetic technique to validate a protein critical for parasite egress of red blood cells, according to the researchers.
Many companies and labs are looking for inhibitors of parasite egress and invasion of red blood cells, but no anti-malarial drugs yet target these stages of the parasite lifecycle, Dvorin said.
The paper also demonstrates the usefulness of a new tool that can be used to evaluate additional members of the kinase family, as well as other signaling pathways that regulate key events in the blood stage of malaria infection. As of 2002, "we have a malaria genome of about 6,000 genes," said Duraisingh. "We need a means of prioritizing specific gene candidates for further drug development."
The method, first developed in a mammalian cell culture system by co-author Thomas Wandless of Stanford University, allows scientists to analyze the function of certain proteins and to identify other potential therapeutic targets in the malaria parasite, the researchers said.
As adapted for this study, Dvorin and his colleagues reverse-engineered candidate genes to make faulty proteins that would only survive in the presence of a stabilizing chemical. Without that constant protection, the protein is eliminated from the parasite.
"For 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, we grew the parasites in the presence of the stabilizing chemical," Dvorin said. "After the parasites invaded new red blood cells, we washed away the stabilizing drug. Even though the parasites seemed to develop just fine, they were unable to leave the red blood cell."
Interestingly, the team's work also produced an elusive scientific tool for their colleagues in the vaccine field: Mature invasive parasites. "One of the experiments in the paper mechanically releases the parasites, which have matured into virulent and invasive forms," Duraisingh said. "People have been trying to get viable parasites in this form for study. This is a great resource for vaccine studies."
"A Plant-Like Kinase in Plasmodium falciparum Regulates Parasite Egress From Erythrocytes," Science, May 14, 2010, J.D. Dvorin et. al.
This work was supported by Pediatric Scientist Development Program Fellowship awards, National Institutes of Health, Burroughs Wellcome Fund New Investigator in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases Fellowship, the Medical Research Council UK, a Wellcome Trust Project grant, and an EU FP7 grant MALSIG.
Windows Media Player 11 pre cracked (no validation required)
The latest iteration of
The biggest
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Monday, May 24, 2010
English in Medicine - 3rd Edition [Audiobook]
English in Medicine - 3rd Edition [Audiobook]Cambridge University Press; 3 edition | ISBN-10: 0521606667 | Mp3 - 128 Kbps| 107 MB
English in Medicine is a course for doctors, medical students and other medical professionals who need to communicate with patients and medical colleagues. Each of the seven units focuses on one area of doctor-patient communication, from history-taking and examination to diagnosis and treatment.
The course develops all four skills through a wide variety of activities. The third edition is now in full colour and has been updated to take account of developments in medicine and the impact of new information technology. The course does not require specialist knowledge on the part of the teacher.
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Oxford Thesaurus
The Oxford Thesaurus: An A-Z Dictionary of SynonymsOxford University Press | 1991 | ASIN: B000OKWG4Y | 2062 pages | PDF | 14 MB
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JAVA programming books and guides
JAVA programming books and guides
PDF, CHM | English | 277.99 MB
Booklist:
Agile Java Development With Spring, Hibernate, And Eclipse (2006).chm
Algorithms In Java, 3rd Edition (2002) [Part 5].chm
Algorithms In Java, 3rd Edition (2002) [Parts 1-4].chm
Art Of Java Web Development (2004).pdf
Beginning Cryptography With Java (2005).chm
Beginning Programming With Java For Dummies, 2nd Edition (2005).pdf
Beyond Java (2005).chm
Core Java 2 - Volume I - Fundamentals, 7th Edition (2004).chm
Core Java 2 - Volume II - Advanced Features, 7th Edition (2004).chm
Covert Java - Techniques For Decompiling, Patching, And Reverse Engineering (2004).pdf
Developing Games In Java (2003).chm
Eclipse - A Java Developer's Guide (2004).chm
Effective Enterprise Java (2004).chm
Foundations Of Java For ABAP Programmers (2006).pdf
Introduction To Computing And Programming With Java - A Multimedia Approach (2006).chm
Introduction To Cryptography With Java Applets (2003).pdf
Ivor Horton's Beginning Java 2, JDK 5 Edition (2005).pdf
J2EE Design Patterns (2003).chm
JDBC Metadata, MySQL, And Oracle Recipes - A Problem-Solution Approach (2006).pdf
JasperReports For Java Developers (2006).pdf
Java & XML, 2nd Edition (2001).pdf
Java - A Beginner's Guide, 3rd Edition (2005).pdf
Java - How To Program, 4th Edition (2002).pdf
Java - How To Program, 6th Edition (2004).chm
Java 2 Enterprise Edition 1.4 Bible (2003).pdf
Java 6 Platform Revealed (2006).pdf
Java All-In-One Desk Reference For Dummies (2005).pdf
Java Concurrency In Practice (2006).chm
Java Cookbook, 2nd Edition (2004).chm
Java Database Programming Bible (2002).pdf
Java EE And .NET Interoperability - Integration Strategies, Patterns, And Best Practices (2006).chm
Java Enterprise In A Nutshell, 3rd Edition (2005).chm
Java Extreme Programming Cookbook (2003).pdf
Java For Artists - The Art, Philosophy, And Science Of Object-Oriented Programming (2006).chm
Java Generics And Collections (2006).chm
Java IO, 2nd Edition (2006).chm
Java In A Nutshell, 5th Edition (2005).chm
Java Language Specification, 3rd Edition (2005).chm
Java Network Programming, 2nd Edition (1999).pdf
Java Network Programming, 3rd Edition (2004).chm
Java Open Source Programming (2004).pdf
Java Persistence With Hibernate (2006).pdf
Java Puzzlers - Traps, Pitfalls, And Corner Cases (2005).chm
Java Servlet & JSP Cookbook (2004).chm
Java Web Services (2002).pdf
Java Web Services Architecture (2003).chm
Java, Java, Java - Object-Oriented Problem Solving, 3rd Edition (2005).chm
JavaServer Pages, 2nd Edition (2003).chm
Just Java 2, 6th Edition (2004).chm
Killer Game Programming In Java (2005).chm
Learning Java, 3rd Edition (2005).chm
Mac OS X For Java Geeks (2003).chm
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Part 2
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Viruses and Nanotechnology – eBooks
The use of virus-like
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British Pharmacopoeia (£818.19 Value!)
Publisher: Stationery Office | ISBN 10 0113227256 | ISO | 394.3MB
The British Pharmacopoeia (BP) is the authoritative, current collection of standards for UK medicinal substances and the
The BP is supplied in a variety of formats designed for ease of use and a wide range of applications. The hard copy edition package contains a boxed five volume set with a separate Veterinary volume, a CD-ROM and access to a comprehensible, regularly updated
Key features
* Extensive Revisions including 30 new BP texts
* New Supplementary Chapters containing general guidance on Unlicensed
* First BP monograph for Traditional Chinese Medicines
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* Technical support for network licence holders is available from TSO, the publisher of the BP
* CD-ROM and website deliver the complete text of the British Pharmacopoeia, British Approved Names and European Pharmacopoeia standards directly to your PC
Extent 3500 pages
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Handbook of Vitamins – ebook
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Janos Zempleni, Robert B. Rucker, Donald B. McCormick, John W. Suttie, “Handbook of
ISBN: 0-8493-4022-5 | 608 Pages | PDF
True to the clinical focus of the previous editions, Handbook of Vitamins, 4th edition is comprised of comprehensive summaries that analyze the chemical, physiological, and nutritional relationships and highlight the newly described and identified functions for all recognized vitamins.
Each chapter covers the physiology, biochemistry, genomics, and molecular biology of its respective vitamin with specific information on coenzyme function, cell signaling, vitamin status, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defense.
Presents the most recent research in vitamins and gene expression, vitamin-dependent
Includes new chapters on vitamin-dependent modification of chromatin, and analysis using accelerated mass spectrometry Encompasses both classical and modern approaches to vitamins, focusing on human nutrition, vitamin analysis, and vitamin action at the molecular level.
Contains contributions from international experts including the most recognized expert on
Contents:
Vitamin K
Vitamin E
Bioorganic Mechanisms Important to Coenzyme Functions
Niacin
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Thiamine
Pantothenic
Vitamin B6
Biotin
Vitamin B12
Choline
Vitamin-Dependent Modifications of Chromatin:
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Accelerator Mass Spectrometry in the Study of Vitamins and Mineral Metabolism in Humans
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamins.
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Sunday, May 23, 2010
Kaplan IELTS 2009-2010 Edition
The
Clinical Pharmacology (9th Edition)
DOWNLOAD (PDF | 73Mb)
By P. N. Bennett, Morris J. Brown
Publisher: Churchill Livingstone
Publication Date : 2003-05-27
ISBN / ASIN: 0443064806
EAN: 9780443064807
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EAN: 9780443064807
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Medical Drug Reference 4.4 with Key
Medical
Have used this program for years, every since itwas put out on 3 1/2 floppie. Now have 4.4. on CD.
This is one of the
Gray’s Anatomy for Students – Illustrated eBookGray’s Anatomy for Students – Illustrated eBook
Gray’s
The regional anatomy is described with frequent discussion of clinical relevance and illustrated with many imaging
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Dictionary of Medical Terms – EBook
A & C Black Publishers 2005 | 480 Pages |
This fully revised edition of the
As well as
Stedman’s Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions & Nursing 6th Edition – EBook
Featuring over 54,000 entries, this thoroughly updated New to this edition:
* Nearly 3,300 new entries
* 8,00 new audio pronunciations
* 3 new appendix sections
* Stedman’s Plus Medical/
The bonus CD-ROM includes:
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* over 48,000 audio pronunciations
* approximately 50 anatomical
* NEW! a bonus copy of Stedman’s Plus Medical/Pharmaceutical Spellchecker included free – a $99 value!
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Human Body Atlas Medical View v1.0Human Body Atlas Medical View v1.0
Today’s Flash-technology allows us to do it and explore the self-inside. This
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Nurse’s Pocket Drug Guide 2010
MgH | 2009 | 409 pages | PDF | 6.84 MBEverything nurses need to know about 1000 common
Specifically geared towards patient
Features:
Organized alphabetically by
Mechanisms of action
Common usage and dosage
Side
Drug interactions
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Expanded coverage of
101 Helpful Hints for IELTS
It also contains some practice examples of
101 HELPFUL HINTS FOR THE ACADEMIC IELTS EXAMINATION
– LISTENING, READING, WRITING & SPEAKING
2 PRACTICE LISTENING
EXTENSIVE HELP SECTIONS FOR ALL 4 SUB-TESTS
FULL ANSWER KEYS AND WRITING TEST MODEL ANSWERS
A SCORE INTERPRETER
LISTENING & READING TEST QUESTIONS WITH NOTES
A GLOSSARY OF ACADEMIC TERMS
USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT STUDYING OVERSEAS
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Audiobook
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Anatomy & Physiology Made Incredibly Visual! (Incredibly Easy! Series)
For each body system, the book logically first presents anatomic fundamentals necessary to understand the complex physiology of the body. Then physiologic processes are presented more visually than ever before. This new approach to clinical content maximizes the power of visual thinking by getting readers as close to the clinical content as they can get without actually being in the room with a patient. Complex ideas are broken down into their component parts, with each component made unmistakably simple in appealingly colorful and graphic ways. Readers will read less, understand more, and see things more clearly than ever before.
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Links are interchangeable
Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment (CMDT) 2010
Written by clincians renowned in their respective fields, CMDT offers the most current insights into symptoms, signs, epidemiology, and treatment for more than 1,000 diseases and disorders. For each topic you’ll find concise, evidence-based answers to questions regarding both hospital and ambulatory medicine. This streamlined reference is the fastest and easiest way to keep abreast of the latest medical advances, prevention strategies, cost-effective treatments, and more.
As an added bonus, this is the first edition to offer additional material online at no additional cost. Chapters on anti-infective chemotherapeutic and antibiotic agents, diagnostic testing and medical decision making, basic genetics, and information technology in
More information on patient care in less text:
* A strong focus on the clinical diagnosis and patient management tools essential to daily practice
* Broad range of internal medicine and primary care topics, including gynecology and obstetrics, dermatology, neurology, and ophthalmology
* The only text with an annual HIV infection update
* Hundreds of drug treatment tables, with indexed trade names and updated prices — plus helpful diagnostic and treatment algorithms
* Recent references with PMID numbers for
* ICD-9 codes are listed on the inside
NEW TO THIS EDITION:
* New topics include H1N1 influenza A, acute
* Expanded 24-page color insert
* Rewritten Cancer chapter by
* New ACC/AHA Task Force Guidelines for management of congenital heart disease in
* Major revision of antithrombotic therapy
Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology 4th Edition
Richard A Harvey, Pamela C. Champe, Richard Finkel, Luigi X. Cubeddu
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Fourth Edition | 2008 | 560 Pages | PDF | 51.43 MB
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Fourth Edition | 2008 | 560 Pages | PDF | 51.43 MB
Saturday, May 22, 2010
Perennial Grass Miscanthus shows promise as energy crop
Washington, May 20 (ANI): Miscanthus x giganteus, a perennial grass, could effectively reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, while lowering atmospheric CO2, according to a new research.
Using a simulation tool that models the future global climate, researchers predict that the carbon that is released into the atmosphere from the loss of natural vegetation will be paid back by Miscanthus x giganteus within 30 years.
Previous estimates for other liquid biofuels, such as corn ethanol, were estimated to take 167-420 years to pay back their carbon debt.
The global concern over climate change has challenged researchers to explore ways to mitigate the damage we are doing to our environment.
They are looking more closely at energy crops, like Miscanthus, to replace our need for fossil fuels like natural gas and oil, which raise atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
John Hughes, UK Met Office Research Scientist, said: "Our study demonstrates the huge potential of energy crops, in particular of Miscanthus. Also, by scaling the results up to the global scale as we do in this study we are developing a new set of tools for evaluating energy crops."
The study has appeared in the current issue of Global Change Biology Bioenergy. (ANI)
'Smart' Insulin molecule discovered
Washington, April 13 (ANI): Previous studies have shown that obesity and excess insulin - whether naturally produced by the body or injected in synthetic form - are linked to an increased incidence of some common cancers. Now, scientists have discovered a 'smart' insulin protein molecule that can massively reduce the risk of cancer.
A team of researchers from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, led by Michael Weiss, revealed their invention of the 'smart' insulin protein molecule that binds considerably less to cancer receptors and self-assembles under the skin.
To provide a slow-release form of insulin, the analog self-assembles under the skin by means of 'stapling' itself via bridging zinc ions.
"It's quite a novel mechanism. Our team has applied the perspective of biomedical engineering to the biochemistry of a therapeutic protein. We regard the injected insulin solution as forming a new biomaterial that can be engineered to optimize its nano-scale properties," Weiss said.
"The notion of engineered zinc staples may find application to improve diverse injectable protein drugs to address a variety of conditions from cancer to immune deficiency," Weiss added.
While initially tested in diabetic rats by team member Faramarz Ismail-Beigi, the study of this new, self-assembling insulin will continue with approval by the National Institutes of Health toward the goal of human clinical trials.
"The goal of all drug therapies is to make therapeutic molecules more selective, in other words, more effective with less complications. We've sought to accomplish this with our engineering a new and "smarter" insulin molecule, as the hormone's primary job is to bind to the key receptors that regulate blood glucose concentration (designated the insulin receptor), not cancer-related receptors," Weiss said
The new research has been published in the prestigious Journal of Biological Chemistry. (ANI)
New cause for Cancer
'Junk' DNA behind cancer growth
London, May 3 (ANI): Scientists have discovered a new driving force behind cancer growth.
Researchers from the University of Leeds, UK, the Charite University Medical School and the Max Delbruck Centre for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in Berlin, Germany, have identified how 'junk' DNA promotes the growth of cancer cells in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Professor Constanze Bonifer (University of Leeds) and Dr Stephan Mathas (Charite, MDC) who co-led the study suspect that these pieces of 'junk' DNA, called 'long terminal repeats', can play a role in other forms of cancer as well.
The researchers uncovered the process by which this 'junk DNA' is made active, promoting cancer growth.
"We have shown this is the case in Hodgkin's lymphoma, but the exact same mechanism could be involved in the development of other forms of blood cancer. This would have implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of these diseases," said Bonifer.
'Long terminal repeats' (LTRs) are a form of 'junk DNA' - genetic material that has accumulated in the human genome over millions of years.
Although LTRs originate from viruses and are potentially harmful, they are usually made inactive when embryos are developing in the womb.
If this process of inactivation doesn't work, then the LTRs could activate cancer genes, a possibility that was suggested in previous animal studies.
This latest study has now demonstrated for the first time that these 'rogue' active LTRs can drive the growth of cancer in humans.
The work focused on cancerous cells of Hodgkin's lymphoma that originate from white blood cells (antibody-producing B cells).
Unusually, this type of lymphoma cell does not contain a so-called 'growth factor receptor' that normally controls the growth of other B-cells.
They found that the lymphoma cells' growth was dependent on a receptor that normally regulates the growth of other immune cells, but it is not usually found in B-cells.
However in this case, the Hodgkin-/Reed Sternberg cells 'hijacked' this receptor for their own purposes by activating some of the 'junk DNA'.
In fact the lymphoma cells activated hundreds, if not thousands, of LTRs all over the genome, not just one.
Hodgkin-/Reed Sternberg cells may not be the only cells that use this method to subvert normal controls of cell growth.
The researchers found evidence of the same LTRs activating the same growth receptor in anaplastic large cell lymphoma, another blood cancer.
The consequences of such widespread LTR activation are currently still unclear, according to the study's authors.
Such processes could potentially activate other genes involved in tumour development. It could also affect the stability of chromosomes of lymphoma cells, a factor that may explain why Hodgkin-/Reed Sternberg cells gain many chromosomal abnormalities over time and become more and more malignant.
The study has been published in Nature Medicine. (ANI)
original post:
Wednesday, May 19, 2010
Ranbaxy pulls anti-depressant from Europe
Even as the country's second-largest drug maker Ranbaxy Laboratories is still to sort out its regulatory problems in the US market, it has run into fresh trouble in Europe, primarily UK and Denmark, for not adhering to stipulated safety warning requirements.
The UK arm of the company owned by Japan's Daiichi Sankyo has been asked by the UK drug regulator Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency to recall three lots of anti-depressant drug Mirtazapine (strength-15 mg and 45 mg) for not including safety warning mandated by the European Medicines Agency, the European regulatory agency responsible for giving marketing approval.
More importantly, the drug regulator has put other drugs from the company under review citing similar defaults in the past. On Tuesday, the company's stock closed at Rs 449.50 on BSE (^BSESN : 16458.81 -416.95
), down 1.08% from its previous close.
An analyst tracking the company said: "Unfortunately for Ranbaxy, recurring problems with drug regulators have become a matter of habit. While this recall would not mean any major financial loss, it adds to the scars on the company. The good part is that the nature of the problem looks temporary and looks fairly solvable and doesn't involve manufacturing issues, for which Ranbaxy is facing heat in the US."
"The bad part is, regulators in matured markets keenly watch each other's action and take cues," added the analyst
Confirming the development, a Ranbaxy spokesperson said: "Ranbaxy Europe has initiated the select batch recall of three products: two in the UK and Denmark , and one in Ireland . The recall is being carried out, as patient information leaflets need to be updated to include safety warnings initiated by the European Medicines Agency."
The spokesperson clarified that the process is being undertaken in consultation and agreement with the competent authorities. "There are no product quality concerns. To ensure effective corrective and preventive action, the company is conducting a comprehensive review, in consultation with authorities." The drugs in question, which were distributed by Ranbaxy between May 2009 and March 2010, were about to expire between January and December 2012. The drug recall has been classified as class II type, the second level of severity, which mandates the company to start acting within 48 hours.
"The company (Ranbaxy) has already recalled all unexpired stock of Sertraline Tablets 50 mg and 100 mg for the same reason. Other products are currently being reviewed," said an MHRA official letter by Alison Bunce, pharmaceutical assessor, Defective Medicines Report Centre. Sertraline is another anti-depressant drug used in adult outpatients for obsessive compulsive and panic and social anxiety disorders.
The contribution of EU markets to Ranbaxy's global revenues was around 17% in financial year 2009. In March, the drug-maker had recalled an antibiotic containing Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium used to treat ear, skin and urinary tract infections, from the US market.
While the financial implications for the company on this account would be insignificant considering the size of recall, for a company that is already facing an image crisis, getting into any regulatory problem in new geographies particularly in the regulated markets is troublesome news.
Big Pharma M&As aid India biz
Big Pharma's big fat weddings abroad have showered blessings on their Indian subsidiaries as well. Several pharma MNCs in India with a significant presence in niche therapeutic segments have enjoyed a boost in domestic marketshare after overseas mergers. This promises to shake up the pecking order in the Rs 50,000-crore domestic pharma market, making three out of Top 10 pharma companies by market share in the Indian market of foreign origin, compared to only one in 2009. The three entities are GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer-Wyeth and Abbott - Solvay. In 2009, only Glaxo was the MNC player among the Top 10.
While Pfizer has already entered the Top 10 club after its Wyeth integration, Abbott, going by current market share, would enter the league as soon as it completes the merger of Solvay Pharma. Meanwhile, Merck, Sharp & Dohme (MSD) has leaped over 80 ranks in India , riding on its acquisition of Schering-Plough. Following their global acquisitions, Abbott and Novartis are set to make substantial gains in niche segments here.
Through its Solvay acquisition, Abbott has emerged as the market leader in the Rs 4,350-crore gastrointestinal market, with no less than 11% of the domestic drug market size. On its way to the top, it has beaten rivals Cadila Healthcare (CADILAHC.NS : 595.5 -22.35), Dr Reddy's and Alkem. Abbott, which already commanded 4.9% of the market, will account for 7.2% of the gastrointestinal market once Solvay's share is added to its kitty. Solvay's portfolio would also bolster Abbott's position in the Rs 2,230-crore neurology market in which Abbott already ranks fourth with a market share of 7.5%. Moreover, through Solvay, Abbott is making an entry in the vaccine arena.
After its Solvay integration, Abbott could break into India 's Top 10 pharma club at No.9 position, right behind Pfizer. According to industry sources, the exercise is under execution but an announcement on full merger may have to wait. Abbott is currently positioned at No. 12 in the hierarchy with a market share of 2.28%, while Solvay ranks 41 with a market share of 0.28%.
Similarly, Swiss pharma giant Novartis AG could become one of the top five leaders in the Rs 600-crore plus Indian eye care market from its 13th rank, if its takeover of Alcon goes through seamlessly and results in the integration of Alcon India with the Indian arm of Novartis. Such a combined entity would then command a market share of 7.5% in the domestic eye care market. The proposed merged entity would reach roughly half of what current market leader Allergan commands, discounting the new products from Alcon's stable that Novartis could launch in the Indian market. Currently, Novartis India accounts for only 2.3% of the total eye care market, while Alcon holds 5.2%. In climbing the ladder, Novartis would jump eight notches and surpass rival GSK (market share of 3.5%), among others such as Micro Labs, Sunways and Intas.
The impact of the churn is already visible. MSD, which figured nowhere among the top 100 till last June has leapfrogged to No. 28 at last count, improving its market share to almost 1% compared to 0.1% in February 2009, when it ranked 142. Its $41-billion acquisition of Schering-Plough (which ranked No. 36 in February 2009) was announced in March 2009, through which it also inherited the reins of Organon India Ltd.
Pfizer, following its Wyeth integration, has lurched forward to No.8 in January with a market share of over 3% from No.12 in December with a market share of 2.7%. Pfizer announced the $68-billion acquisition of rival Wyeth in January 2009.
However, Big Pharma is not satisfied yet with the market gains. While K G Ananthakrishnan, managing director, MSD India told FE that the company aims to be among the top five players by 2015, Pfizer's regional president for South East Asia Gerry Bacarro stated earlier this year that the company wants to be among the top five in the country in a few years.
In value terms, global pharma M&A activities peaked in 2009, touching the decade's high of $147 billion. The value of deals in 2009 is over 20% of the value of all pharma deals in the decade which stand at $690 billion.
original post: http://in.biz.yahoo.com/100517/50/bavlzy.html
While Pfizer has already entered the Top 10 club after its Wyeth integration, Abbott, going by current market share, would enter the league as soon as it completes the merger of Solvay Pharma. Meanwhile, Merck, Sharp & Dohme (MSD) has leaped over 80 ranks in India , riding on its acquisition of Schering-Plough. Following their global acquisitions, Abbott and Novartis are set to make substantial gains in niche segments here.
Through its Solvay acquisition, Abbott has emerged as the market leader in the Rs 4,350-crore gastrointestinal market, with no less than 11% of the domestic drug market size. On its way to the top, it has beaten rivals Cadila Healthcare (CADILAHC.NS : 595.5 -22.35), Dr Reddy's and Alkem. Abbott, which already commanded 4.9% of the market, will account for 7.2% of the gastrointestinal market once Solvay's share is added to its kitty. Solvay's portfolio would also bolster Abbott's position in the Rs 2,230-crore neurology market in which Abbott already ranks fourth with a market share of 7.5%. Moreover, through Solvay, Abbott is making an entry in the vaccine arena.
After its Solvay integration, Abbott could break into India 's Top 10 pharma club at No.9 position, right behind Pfizer. According to industry sources, the exercise is under execution but an announcement on full merger may have to wait. Abbott is currently positioned at No. 12 in the hierarchy with a market share of 2.28%, while Solvay ranks 41 with a market share of 0.28%.
Similarly, Swiss pharma giant Novartis AG could become one of the top five leaders in the Rs 600-crore plus Indian eye care market from its 13th rank, if its takeover of Alcon goes through seamlessly and results in the integration of Alcon India with the Indian arm of Novartis. Such a combined entity would then command a market share of 7.5% in the domestic eye care market. The proposed merged entity would reach roughly half of what current market leader Allergan commands, discounting the new products from Alcon's stable that Novartis could launch in the Indian market. Currently, Novartis India accounts for only 2.3% of the total eye care market, while Alcon holds 5.2%. In climbing the ladder, Novartis would jump eight notches and surpass rival GSK (market share of 3.5%), among others such as Micro Labs, Sunways and Intas.
The impact of the churn is already visible. MSD, which figured nowhere among the top 100 till last June has leapfrogged to No. 28 at last count, improving its market share to almost 1% compared to 0.1% in February 2009, when it ranked 142. Its $41-billion acquisition of Schering-Plough (which ranked No. 36 in February 2009) was announced in March 2009, through which it also inherited the reins of Organon India Ltd.
Pfizer, following its Wyeth integration, has lurched forward to No.8 in January with a market share of over 3% from No.12 in December with a market share of 2.7%. Pfizer announced the $68-billion acquisition of rival Wyeth in January 2009.
However, Big Pharma is not satisfied yet with the market gains. While K G Ananthakrishnan, managing director, MSD India told FE that the company aims to be among the top five players by 2015, Pfizer's regional president for South East Asia Gerry Bacarro stated earlier this year that the company wants to be among the top five in the country in a few years.
In value terms, global pharma M&A activities peaked in 2009, touching the decade's high of $147 billion. The value of deals in 2009 is over 20% of the value of all pharma deals in the decade which stand at $690 billion.
original post: http://in.biz.yahoo.com/100517/50/bavlzy.html
Tuesday, May 11, 2010
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